This is a selection of example academic papers to our system for reference and educational purposes. These sample documents are intended to help users better understand formatting, structure, and citation standards in academic writing.
Please note that these papers are not original works and should not be submitted as your own under any circumstances. They are copies sourced from Learnerspanel.com and are provided strictly for illustrative use. Users are encouraged to consult these examples to guide their own writing and learning processes, not for reproduction or distribution in any academic or professional setting.

Today, every entity faces the need for accounting and audit; therefore, the latter have to be properly understood and maintained. For this reason, the evaluation of the basic accounting concepts and the understanding of the accounting records are essential for an effective establishment of a proper accounting and financial reporting system in a company. At the same time, the organization needs to evaluate its business risks and attract an independent external auditor to assure its actual financial position and operating results while conducting audit tests of control and transactions details. This paper covers various aspects of accounting and auditing professions such as recording transactions, providing financial reports, assessing business and fraud risks, and cooperation between an auditor and a client. It incorporates a scenario analysis of a retail company audit engagement with particular problems detected in payroll records. In addition, the paper provides sample drafts of an unqualified audit opinion and a management representation letter.

Accounting provides companies’ management and owners with important information on their financial condition at a given moment and performance………………………………….
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Accounting involves the systematic keeping of records, reports, classification, and analysis of business transactions and money. The process enables the company to know its financial position and performance in terms of its net profit. Accountants are persons known to be responsible for accounting. These individuals are required to adhere to the set rules and regulations given by the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. Accountants also perform financial activities affecting the operation of the business. These activities include weighing the cost associated with new ventures, follow-up of financial performance, and ensuring quality in management. In addition, there is participation in merger and acquisition processes in the firm and ensuring that the strategies used for taxation are followed. Although accounting requirements differ, organizations ensure easier traceability of the flow of funds……………..................

Topic: Female Social Stereotype Perception Among Students
Social stereotypes refer to the evaluation of a group based on its visible characteristics. The essence of the phenomenon is to fill the gaps in peoples’ perceptions. It is beneficial to some degree, but it may lead to problematic consequences such as superiority and inferiority feelings as well as discrimination. By addressing the process of formation and development of social stereotypes, the awareness of imposing the stereotypes may increase. The proposal investigates the female stereotypes as perceived by men and women. The research question is What is the difference between men and women in perception of female stereotypes? There are two working hypotheses…………........................

At 11pm on Friday 29th March 2019, the UK will formally leave the European Union and enter a transition period until 31st December 2020 which will allow for further negotiations in areas such as trade deals; border controls for Ireland; and the rights of UK citizens in Europe and EU citizens in the UK (Hunt and Webster 2018). For EU citizens currently working in the UK, the current plan is to allow this group to continue to live and work in the UK after Brexit (Hunt and Webster 2018). However, after the Brexit transition period, there is a suggestion that there will be a work permit system for EU citizens similar to that currently being operated for non-EU citizens (Hunt and Webster 2018). Whilst there is still uncertainty regarding what will happen during this process, one of the issues for human resource management will be undertaking activities to address the potential changes, challenges and opportunities in the labour market which may impact upon an organisation’s talent management (Price Waterhouse Cooper 2016). This brief will therefore examine talent management and the Brexit process.

The use of migrant labour, including both EU and non-EU citizens, in the UK is important across a range of industries, but there are concerns that the impact of Brexit may produce………………………

To date, North Korea has conducted numerous tests of nuclear weapon by constructing a missile delivery program; meanwhile, the often unpredictable, irrational, and highly repressive regime makes persistent threats of attack against the US and her allies, including South Korea and Japan. With the US President threatening to 'totally destroy' North Korea in his first address to the United Nations ('UN'), the question of the legality of pre-emptive action under international law rises to the foreground. This essay considers the Charter of the United Nations ('the Charter'), which contains both a general prohibition on the use of force by states, and an exception for self-defence. Having regard to the pedigree of pre-emptive action under international law generally, examples of actions taken by various states, and academic commentary concerning the interpretation of the UN Charter, this essay argues that pre-emptive self-defence is permissible under international law, but not currently justified in relation to North Korea.

The prohibition on the use of force is one of the principles of international law contained in…………………………………

Often, today’s world is characterised by digital connectivity and globalisation. This has assisted for boundaries of space, time or even political or geographic constraints to be removed, allowing communication style and cultures to merge (Winer, 2024). More importantly, it can be argued this new model of communication amongst subjects of society is impacting the dynamics in the relationship amongst companies and individuals – consumers are empowered and want to be involved in all steps of various marketing processes (Smith, 2022). A power shift has occurred, caused by the abundance of information the Internet provides and the saturation of alternatives, causing major socio-cultural and socio-political movements to influence buying (Labrecque et al., 2023).

Yet it is not to say businesses have lost their upper hand entirely – they must now operate and in a strategic, carefully-thought-out way through correctly evaluating the correct, most effective way to capture attention through promotional material, place it accordingly in a non-obtrusive way and influence behaviour subtly (Berthon, Pitt and Watson, 2023). The following essay will discuss the changes digitalisation has brought to the marketing mix and the practice of marketing by illustrating key points with examples from the industry. It will further provide understanding how digital communication can be successfully established amongst subjects in the market today and how content can be managed effectively. Following a secondary research and analysis of literature and cases, it will be argued that marketing has been profoundly impacted by new era, and subsequently the lack of response has led to a skills gap in academia and industry………………..

Nurses have a range of roles and responsibilities in order to provide society with the highest quality of care (Peate, 2021). The Royal College of Nursing (RCN, 2024:3) define nursing as the ability to ‘improve, maintain, or recover health, to cope with health problems, and to achieve the best quality of life’ for patients until their death. This essay will critically analyse the nurses’ role and responsibilities within care provision, discussing their role as a primary caregiver, a leader, advocate, educator, collaborator, practitioner, in addition to their responsibilities in line with professional codes of practice (Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2015).

The nurse has a role as a primary caregiver, adhering to succinct evidence-based practice in order to meet the holistic needs of every patient and their families through the use of clinical judgement and expertise (RCN, 2023). They show compassion and knowledge in order to provide direct care to patients within each setting or different environments (Masters, 2024). Illness prevention and the promotion of public health initiatives are also vital roles in nursing care (Joel, 2021). However, political and societal issues place strain on the nursing workforce, hindering their ability to adhere to their roles which can negatively impact on the provision of high quality care (Ryan, 2018). For instance, with the introduction of an English test by the Nursing and Midwifery Council following Brexit, the number of EU nurses has reduced by 89% (Tapper, 2022). Furthermore, the government has removed the nursing bursary, which in turn has led to a reduction in the number of nursing students, thus leading to nurse shortages (Adams, 2021). Many nurses have stressed that they find it difficult to carry out their roles and responsibilities as a healthcare professional (Tapper, 2022)……………………..........

This paper engages in an examination and analysis of zero-hour contracts with particular regard to their legality and morality. Zero-hour contracts have attracted significant media attention in recent times with particular regard to their merits and demerits (Pennycook et al., 2022). Whilst advocates of zero-hour contracts state that they reduce unemployment and provide flexibility to both workers and employers, their critics state that they are open to abuse and their misuse can lead to worker exploitation (Pennycook et al., 2023). This paper first takes up the issue of their legality and thereafter delves into the ethical and moral issues that are associated with their use.

A zero-hour contract (a term that is primarily used in the UK) is a form of contract, involving an employer and a worker (Xu, 2021). The employer in such a contract is not obliged to provide any sort of minimum working hours to a worker, whereas a worker is not under any obligation to accept any sort of work that is offered to him (Xu, 2021). The employee, in a zero-hour contract can enter into a agreement with the employer to be available for work when necessary; the agreement in such case does not specify the specific number of hours or time of work (Brinkley, 2023). Research reveals that around 3% of the UK workforce work on zero-hour contracts (Xu, 2021). The Office for National Statistics (2024) stated that an estimated 1.4 million jobs are offered on such terms...............................

Employee resistance to change comprises an especially urgent human resource management (HRM) issue because organisations need the full commitment of their workforce to adapt successfully and achieve lasting change. Findings from recent studies indicate one root problem responsible for triggering change resistance could be a perceived lack of fairness among employees toward the firm (Xu et al., 2023). Left unchecked and without intervention, workers are unlikely to support change initiatives wholeheartedly or may resist it outright if they surmise that an unjust employer-employee relationship exists (Boohene & Williams, 2022). As such, it behoves HR decision-makers to scan the organisational environment to ascertain steps their firms can take to cultivate perceived fairness throughout the workforce. This paper will investigate the concept of organisational justice as a potential framework HRM professionals can employ to prevent change resistance and nurture organisational commitment among employees.

Before delving into a detailed discussion about the potential usefulness of organisational justice as a viable HRM strategy for preventing and mitigating employee resistance to change, it is first necessary to expound on the nature of perceived fairness. According to Sia, Bhardwaj and Sahoo (2023), the formation of perceived fairness among individuals and groups in organisations stems from the existence of psychological contracts between workers and the organisations that employ them. Just as firms maintain expectations of their employees, so do employees of the organisations they represent. Compatibility between these demands is crucial because it signifies both parties are capable of providing value in accordance with each other’s expectations (Harrington & Lee, 2024). While the notion of compatible expectations between organisations and employees seems relatively straightforward, psychological contracts become more complex to anticipate and conceptualise when distinguishing between explicit and implicit expectations. Expectations of an explicit nature are unambiguous and clear, whereas implicit expectations are often unspoken and tend to be more assumptive.

As an example, it is customary for organisations to provide a detailed description……....................

In today’s complex and dynamic consumer landscape, traditional notions of identity and behavior have evolved, giving rise to new patterns of social affiliation and consumption. One such emerging phenomenon is post-modernist neo-tribalism—a concept that challenges the rigidity of demographic segmentation by emphasizing emotional, symbolic, and lifestyle-based groupings. These modern "tribes" are not fixed by age, class, or geography, but rather by shared values, aesthetics, and cultural affinities. As consumers increasingly seek belonging and self-expression through their purchases, understanding the impact of neo-tribes becomes essential for marketers and sociologists alike. This essay will primarily consider the relevance of neo-tribalism within a contemporary marketplace, exploring how tribes impact consumption habits.

Neo-tribes are defined as collective groups of people, commonly-linked together by shared or mutual passions, emotions or attitudes (Maffesoli, 2024). Across an academic discipline, neo-tribes have been conceptualised as a discourse of social fragmentation and individualisation within a contemporary society, pioneering the re-embracement and of historical tribal living (Hardy et al. 2018). In context, academics argue that as human beings have evolved to live within tribal societies, they will not be content until some semblance of traditional tribal lifestyles has been re-created (Maffesoli, 2024). In practice, contemporary neo-tribal members are thought to be active consumers whose consumption choices reflect a self-constructed notion of identity, for example football fans or music culture fan-groups (Hardy et al. 2023). Hetherington (2020) further indicated that neo-tribal members are fluid, choosing to disaffiliate from the masses and cultivate sub-cultures. An example includes goths, who have had a tangible influence on markets such as music, dress and style; with supportive research indicating that gothic furniture has had a surge in sales following growth of goth sub-cultures (Cova et al. 2022). Although the group has no official membership, participation within gothic interests forms an attachment between group members worldwide. A significant implication for marketers relates to unofficial neo-tribes such as goths, which are potentially difficult to market to or reach through traditional marketing methods…….............

The main aim of this essay is to examine how the recent publicised accident at Alton Towers has affected both their brand reputation and organisational performance. This essay will also outline a new recovery strategy to enable Alton Towers to re-instil faith and trust in their brand with consumers moving forward.

In 2015, a rollercoaster cart malfunction caused an accident on the Smiler ride at Alton Towers (Buswell et al, 2016). The malfunction was caused by a computer system error which caused one cart to be released from the platform despite one being stalled on the track (BBC News, 2016, p.1). Alton Towers’ ride operator Merlin were fined £5 million for the accident by the victims of the malfunction who were seriously injured (BBC News, 2016, p.1)…………..........

This assignment aims to explore the extent to which pupil voice has been incorporated into curriculum development in the UK. Before examining the prevalence of pupil voice in contemporary curriculum design, it is first necessary to consider the socio-political backdrop within which curriculum development is framed to determine potential barriers and tensions in implementing pupil-led directives.

In 1985, the ‘Better Schools’ White Paper was published (Department for Education and Science). It marked the first indication of a macro-level emphasis on moving education towards a national entitlement in England. Following on from this, a consultation period began which culminated in the ratification of the Education Reform Act (1988). The first National Curriculum (Education Reform Act, 1988) was borne out of this act, and recognised a perceived need to move away from locally administered teaching and towards a centralised approach; one which would be overseen by, and accountable to, the government.

The National Curriculum (2021) advocated broad, balanced coverage which would equip children for their place within the adult world (Children, Schools and Family Committee, 2009), a decidedly adult led approach but one which purported to be in the interests of children’s extended wellbeing. This would be suggestive of a reflexive curriculum which mirrors the complexities and flexibilities of society and, as such, one that reflects the ever-evolving skills required to thrive in adulthood. Perceived priorities at this time were not necessarily the same priorities that would be relevant now and, despite extensive societal and economic changes since its creation, and despite the widely held belief that children are motivated by a diverse and flexible approach to curriculum coverage (Hopkins, 2021), the current curriculum continues to uphold the same principles as it did in its infancy (Christodolou, 2024)………………………..

Chinese technology firm Huawei was until recently a virtual unknown in the smart phone sector, until it was catapulted into the headlines by a US ban on its products and services (BBC, 2019). Currently ranked as one of the top three global smartphone brands, for a brief period in late 2018 Huawei knocked Apple of the pedestal of being either the first or second smartphone brand in the world - a position that Apple has occupied unchallenged for very nearly a decade (Forbes, 2019). This essay provides a critical analysis of the rapid growth and brand development of Huawei, considering how it came to penetrate the UK market, and also how as a brand it has continued to report global increases in sales, in spite of losing all of its US market which ought, in theory, to have caused significant brand and reputational damage.

Offering a brief background of the rapid growth and ethos of Huawei, discussions in this essay consider the marketing environment of the smart phone sector, with particular emphasis on competitive forces and how Huawei have addressed these competitive challenges with a compelling B2C online presence, building the brand, and overcoming direct challenges to brand reputation.

Huawei was formed in 1987 and focused initially on the manufacture of component parts for the telecommunication sector (Tao et al., 2016). Seeing increasing demand for its products and services, Huawei expand internationally, and by 2011, was providing major component parts and services of telecoms infrastructure to more than 50 countries (Tao et al., 2016). Significant interests were noted in UK, US, and Canadian infrastructure and telecoms, as well as internet security and data management. The manufacture and sale of smart phones was a natural addition to the portfolio, and as of the end of 2018 was reported that Huawei has sold more than 200 million handsets worldwide (O’Flaherty, 2019).

The rapid global growth in smartphone market has undoubtedly contributed to the favourable market conditions for Huawei. Experienced as a firm in telecommunications manufacture, sale and resale, Huawei are ideally positioned to exploit the intimate knowledge of the smartphone sector, given that they are directly involved in several major smartphone networks in the form of infrastructure, data security and data management (Low, 2007)…………...........

Topic: Critically evaluate the Role of Market Orientation in Achieving a Competitive Advantage.
This essay will analyse the outside-in approach of Market Orientation (MO) theory, focusing on key implications in practice to determine whether the key to achieving a competitive advantage is a focus on customers and competitors within the marketplace. A competitive advantage (CA) in this context relates to outperforming competitors in terms of better-market share, profitability and sales (Porter, 1980). A sustainable-competitive advantage relates to achieving this outperformance over a long-period of time.

Wilson and Fook (1990) argue that MO is a managerial orientation where success depends on the needs/wants of customers, subsequently creating products and services to outperform competition; arguing a key element of MO is a situational analysis of the state-of-the-market to see scope for future activity. This is evidenced by previous trends in airline segmentation to a shift in needs for different types of ticket-class, i.e. Business, Economy or First-Class. Kohli & Jaworski (2021) argue that the key to MO is a 'value-consensus' across organisational departments to identify current/future customer needs and subsequently strategises around these trends. This is further evidenced by changing practice from previous airline segmentation to low-cost carriers, following airlines such as Ryanair and easyJet perceiving a consumer shift towards 'low-value', capitalising to ensure operating costs were lower than the competition so constructing a 'cost leadership' approach..........................

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Topic: Considering the Effectiveness of the Approach to Primary Research for a Dissertation Reflection
As a part of my dissertation research and writing process, I conducted a parallel process of reflective learning in order to capture important points of personal growth, learning and development resulting from my course of study (Williams, Woolliams & Spiro, 2012). Whilst the results presented in my dissertation reflect the more academic aspects of my learning journey, this report considers the less tangible elements of my performance, focussing on how I approached the task and what I could have done better or differently (Bassot, 2016). The aim is to ensure that I learn from my experiences, using a reflective approach to gain greater insight and understanding of how I tackled my research, using this to establish a baseline for a longer-term development plan (Jasper, 2013).

This paper was compiled following the submission of my dissertation, which involved the conduct, collation and presentation of primary research in an international business studies environment (Kumar, 2014). As a result, the observations and findings presented relate to the following core activities:
1. Decision making processes surrounding the choice of dissertation topic and the research approach to be applied.
2. My approaches and attitudes to the more academic aspects of the work involved (secondary research, writing of my dissertation, collation and presentation of the data captured).
3. The issues and challenges that I experienced in relation to the more inter-personal aspects of the work (engaging with my tutors and academic sponsors, approaches to primary research respondents).
4. The gaps in my knowledge and understanding of the topic area/research that emerged and how I sought to close these gaps (Jarvis, 2006; Saunders, Lewis & Thornhill, 2009).............................
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Topic: Critically Reflect on an Encounter with a Service User in a Health Care Setting

This essay aims to critically reflect on an encounter with a service user in a healthcare setting. The Gibbs’ Reflective Cycle will be used as this is a popular model of reflection. Reflection is associated with learning from experience. It is viewed as an important approach for professionals who embrace lifelong learning (Jasper, 2013). In general terms, reflective practice is the process of learning through and from an experience or activity to gain new understandings of self and/or practice (Bout et al., 1985; Jasper, 2013). This method is viewed as a way of promoting the personal and professional development of qualified and independent professionals, eventually stimulating both personal and professional growth (Jasper, 2013). Dating back to 1988, the Gibbs’ Reflective Cycle encompasses six stages of reflection which enable the reflector to think through all the phases of an activity or experience (Gibbs, 1998). The model is unique because it includes knowledge, actions, emotions and suggests that experiences are repeated, which is different from Kolb’s reflective model (Kolb, 1984) and thus, the model is wider and a more flexible approach in examining a situation in a critical light to enable future changes (Zeichner and Liston, 1996).

The incident I will be reflecting on occurred while I was placed in the oncology ward during my first year of qualified nursing. We had an elderly service user on the ward who had been admitted due to stomach cancer. Upon his arrival, we read his notes which highlighted that he had significant learning difficulties, meaning that he also had problems with verbal communication. The main areas of reflection are how both myself and the other nurses used communication to calm the patient and show compassion, as well as how we adapted our care to address their individual needs. A nurse came onto the ward with three members of the public, who were viewing the ward as part of a job advertising process. When the nurse entered the patients bay, she informed the members of the public that the service users in that bay were currently receiving radiotherapy treatment. Upon hearing the nurse’s words, the service user became overtly distressed and began crying, shrieking and hitting his head backwards against his pillow –it took time; however, another nurse managed to calm him down by talking in a soothing manner...........
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Topic: Is Direct Mail Dead? Exploring the Relevancy of Traditional Marketing in a Digital World
This dissertation proposes to explore Direct Mail’s effectiveness and value as a standalone channel, in a now progressively digital world. Contextually, research points to the existence of the contemporary digital stratosphere, where technology has transformed and empowered existing business processes, communication and culture (HBR, 2021). Similarly, the media has begun to explore the phenomenon of the plugged-in paradox, arguing that technology has facilitated the growth of consumers who are always connected and always online (BBC, 2024). Black (2021) posits as a result, the plugged-in paradox has catalysed the progress of generations who are immersed in instantaneous and hyper-technology, increasing demand for instant gratification. Subsequently, this topic will explore how the progression of digital technology has impacted the relevancy of traditional marketing methods such as Direct Mail. Increasingly, academics continue to refute the significance of Direct Mail today, with some advocating for its demise, with others indorsing its enduring effectiveness (Forbes, 2023). Outcomes include assisting marketing practitioners of a developed understanding of the value of marketing channels for contemporary consumers...........